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Glossary · Europe

Every European territory on the map

Rome and its heirs, the Holy Roman Empire, the nation-states.

Entries
430
Written so far
430 of 562
Span
AD 1 – today
Eras
7
What this region covers

Europe so far: antiquity and the migration period — the Bosporan Kingdom and the Greek city-states, Rome and its western collapse, the successor kingdoms of the Goths, Franks, Burgundians and Lombards — and the early medieval British Isles, from the Anglo-Saxon and Welsh kingdoms through Alba, the Danelaw and the Norman conquest to the Icelandic Commonwealth; and early medieval continental Europe — the Frankish successor realms, the Frisian and Low Country polities, the steppe khaganates, the early Slavic and Balkan states, and the Italian and Mediterranean duchies and emirates; and medieval Iberia — the Caliphate of Córdoba and the taifa kingdoms of al-Andalus, the Nasrid emirate of Granada, and the Christian kingdoms and Catalan counties from León and Navarre to the crowns of Castile, Aragon, Portugal and Spain; and medieval eastern Europe and the Balkans — the Rus' appanage principalities and Muscovy, the Polish and Silesian duchies, Bohemia, Hungary and Lithuania, the Baltic crusader states, and the Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian and Romanian polities; and medieval France and the Low Countries — the Capetian kingdom and its great duchies and counties, the Alpine and Pyrenean principalities, the Valois-Burgundian state, and the Dutch, Belgian and Luxembourgish successor states; and medieval and early modern Italy, Sardinia, Sicily and the Latin East — the maritime republics and communes of Genoa, Pisa, Florence and Milan, the Norman-Hohenstaufen-Angevin-Aragonese kingdoms of Sicily and Naples, the Sardinian judicates and the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Crusader and Byzantine successor states of the Latin East, and the Napoleonic and Risorgimento-era Italian republics and kingdoms; and the Holy Roman Empire and its world — the Empire itself and its successor confederations, the ecclesiastical and secular principalities, the imperial free cities and the Hanseatic League, the Swiss confederacies, and the Scandinavian kingdoms; and the Turkish beyliks, the Ottoman Empire, the Tatar khanates of the steppe, and the Christian and Muslim states of the Caucasus; and early modern Europe — the Iberian and Portuguese empires, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Cossack lands, the Baltic empires of Sweden and Denmark-Norway, the early modern British Isles, and the small sovereignties of Italy and the Alps; and Revolutionary and Napoleonic Europe — Imperial France and its sister republics, the German, Italian, Dutch and Swiss satellite states, the Duchy of Warsaw, and the settlement at Vienna; and Europe from the 19th-century nation-states to the present — the Balkan kingdoms, the interwar and wartime states, the Cold War's divide, and the post-1991 and present-day map through September 2026. The rest of Europe is on the map and is being written up.

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Antiquity and the Roman world

AD 1 – 400 17 entries

The migration period

400 – 500 19 entries

The successor kingdoms

500 – 800 54 entries

The early medieval west

800 – 1000 62 entries

High and late Middle Ages

1000 – 1500 172 entries

Reformation to revolution

1500 – 1800 35 entries

The modern states

1800 – today 71 entries

Common questions

How many European states are in this glossary?
430, of the 562 European territories the atlas draws — the ones written up so far, running from the Bosporan Kingdom (438 BC – c. AD 370/527) to Kosovo (2000–2024). The rest are on the map and are being written up.
Which is the oldest European state on the map?
Of the 430 written up so far, the Bosporan Kingdom, 438 BC – c. AD 370/527. The most recent of them to appear is Kosovo (2000–2024).
Which European state covered the most ground?
Of the territories mapped here, the Roman Empire reached the largest area — about 5.4M km² at its peak, as drawn by the border data.